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Seal Conservation

Bearded seal. Photo: NOAA

Many seal species depend on sea ice for their survival. As global climate change reduces the extent, duration, and thickness of sea ice, these seal species are threatened with extinction.

Seals of the Arctic

Six seal species live in the Arctic region: bearded seals, harp seals, hooded seals, ribbon seals, ringed seals, and spotted seals. Bearded seals, harp seals, and ringed seals are especially vulnerable to disappearing sea ice.

Bearded seals and ringed seals give birth on dense ice packs or on "fast ice", ice usually located over shallow parts of the ocean that is 'fastened' to the ocean floor or shore', such that it does not drift in the wind. They also require snow cover on the ice to build lairs for giving birth.

Harp seals follow the sea ice all year, migrating south from the Arctic in the spring. The seals give birth off the coast of Norway and Newfoundland and Labrador, in Russia's White Sea, and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence of Canada. The pups begin life unable to swim. Thus they require sturdy sea ice during the birthing season in February and March.

In recent years, thousands of harp seal pups have drowned due to insufficient and broken up sea ice. Unusually poor ice conditions have been reported in 2006, 2007, and 2010.

Read about the effects of climate change on harp seals here.

Seals of the Antarctic

Four seal species live in the Antarctic: crabeater seals, leopard seals, Ross seals, and Weddell seals. Crabeater seals and Weddell seals give birth on sea ice and are thus at risk of exctinction as temperatures warm and the formation of sturdy sea ice becomes less reliable

Another threat to the survival of seals

In addition to the lack of sea ice, some species of seals and other marine mammals are threatened by reductions in the availability of prey. Prey populations are affected by climate change, over-fishing, and ocean pollution. A reduction in the abundance of plankton affects life up the food chain.

Click here for additional information and a pictorial description of predator-prey effects with grey seals.

Seals are an important part of the ocean ecosystem

Seal conservation is about far more than saving seals and stopping the Canadian seal slaughter. It is about saving marine ecosystems, of which all seals are an integral part.

Historical records from the time Europeans arrived in Newfoundland demonstrate that, without interference from these immigrants, seal populations much larger than that remaining today coexisted with cod so abundant that ships had difficulty maneuvering through the waters.

Today, conservation issues in the Arctic and North Atlantic region include the effects of large-scale commercial fishing, using such methods as bottom trawling and long-line fishing; global climate change, including changes in ocean currents, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature; increased ship traffic as a result of decreases in sea ice; ocean pollution; and sealing.

The following are links to programs that may be of interest to those who wish to study marine ecosystems and marine mammal conservation:

Institute for Marine Mammal Studies

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Marine Mammal Program

Other links to societies and graduate programs from the Society for Marine Mammology